Ramadan (Sept. 1-29): The ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. Muslims fast daily from dawn to sunset to demonstrate commitment to God in the face of temptation and difficulty. It teaches self-restraint, patience, endurance and obedience to God. Ramadan is considered the holiest month because it embodies Laylatu-al-Qadr (Night of Power), when the first verses from the Holy Qur’an were revealed to the prophet Muhammad. It is believed to be the eve of 27th of Ramadan and is celebrated by offering extended prayers and supplications late into the night.

Rosh Hashanah (begins at sunset Sept. 29): The name means “Head of the Year.” The festival is observed for two days beginning on Tishrei 1, the first day of the Jewish year. It is the anniversary of the creation of Adam and Eve, and their first actions toward the realization of mankind’s role in God’s world. Rosh Hashanah thus emphasizes the special relationship between God and humanity: dependence upon God as our creator and sustainer, and God’s dependence upon us as the ones who make His presence known and felt.

The central observance of Rosh Hashanah is the sounding of the shofar, the ram’s horn, which represents the trumpet blast of a people’s coronation of their king. The cry of the shofar is also a call to repentance for Rosh Hashanah is also the anniversary of man’s first sin and his repentance thereof, and serves as the first of the “Ten Days of Repentance” which culminate in Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement.

Eid al-Fitr (Sept. 30): Eid is an Arabic term meaning “celebration” or “festivity.” Eid al-Fitr takes place after the Holy month of Ramadan on the first of Shawwal, the 10th month of the Islamic calendar, to celebrate the end of fasting. The traditional greeting used is “Eid Mubarak,” meaning “May your holiday be blessed.” A special congregational Eid worship, visitation of family and friends, new clothing, specially prepared sweets and gifts for children exemplify this holiday. In the spirit of the occasion, Muslims pay Zakat-al-Fitr, a special nominal charity tax for helping the needy to share the celebration.

Editor’s Note: This is an occasional column contributed by Reverend Gary Brower, University Chaplain.